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I/O, CPU, GPU, or memory bound?

Your processor graph looks calm and customers still wait. Name what the slow job is bound by: a reply from outside, the processor, the graphics card, or the memory.

A user sits at a laptop with a loading ring while a CPU chip, a GPU card, a RAM stick, and a glowing I/O path sit nearby.

Oct 30, 2026

Mohammad Mahdi Mohajer

Mohammad Mahdi Mohajer

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More from the blog.

A clay code tablet whose rows light teal one by one toward a speech bubble, under A RAG Chatbot, Line by Line.

A RAG chatbot, line by line in Python

Walk a small RAG chatbot in Python in the order it runs: four methods once, four on every question. Then three live runs, and the three gaps they leave.

Eight stacked clay bars like lines of code; the seventh glows teal as chat bubbles drop into it, beside RAG in 8 Lines.

RAG in 8 lines, and where memory goes

The eight stages of a basic RAG chatbot, one line of code each. Why the closest chunks are not the answer, and the one line that changes to give it memory.

A teal clay scale: a chat bubble on one pan, an open book under a magnifier on the other, above Sure Is Not Checked.

A sure answer is not a checked one

Why ChatGPT can sound sure and still be wrong, what RAG's three steps do, why you still open the source, and when a changed page needs RAG instead of fine-tuning.